Monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus family. The pathogen is a zoonosis, as its primary reservoir is in wild animals, particularly rodents and primates. The clinical presentation includes fever, headache, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, and skin rashes that resemble smallpox, but the disease is usually less severe. Despite its lower mortality rate than smallpox, monkeypox is of considerable concern in light of recent outbreaks and changing patterns of transmission, requiring the attention of the medical community and public health organizations.
History of the disease and interesting historical facts
Monkeypox was first identified in lab monkeys in 1958, which is where the disease gets its name. The first human cases were reported in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then, cases have been reported in various countries in Central and West Africa. Interestingly, the virus was first discovered in forest ecosystems, highlighting the importance of wildlife conservation in preventing zoonotic infections. A significant outbreak occurred in Ghana in 1996–97, sparking scientific interest in the virus and how it spreads.
Epidemiology
Monkeypox is endemic in a number of countries in Central and West Africa. Since 2000, the number of reported cases has increased significantly. According to the World Health Organization, over 3,000 cases were reported in various countries in 2022. Since the virus can be transmitted from person to person, especially among close contacts, the epidemiological picture of the disease continues to change, raising concerns about possible pandemics. Methods for monitoring and controlling infections are becoming especially important in the context of globalization and increasing population migration.
Genetic predisposition to this disease
Data on genetic susceptibility to monkeypox are in the early stages of study. However, it is known that certain genetic factors can influence susceptibility to viruses from the Orthopoxvirus family. This applies to both mutations of the virus itself and the host genes. Research suggests that variations in genes responsible for the immune response, such as the HLA genes, may play a role in the level of protection against the disease. It is important to note that predisposition can also be influenced by external factors, such as living conditions and contact with potentially infected animals.
Risk factors for the development of this disease
Risk factors for monkeypox include:
- Contact with infected animals: Zoo workers and researchers are a high-risk group.
- Close contact with infected people: transmission occurs through direct contact.
- Poor hygiene and sanitation: Living areas with poor sanitation promote the spread of infections.
- Immunodeficiency states: People with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to viral infections.
Studying these factors helps in developing preventive measures to control the spread of the disease.
Diagnosis of this disease
The main symptoms of monkeypox include fever, headache, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, and skin rashes that progress through several stages from macules to blisters. Laboratory diagnosis includes polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for viral DNA, serologic tests, and virologic cultures. Radiologic examinations are not specific for diagnosis but can be used to assess the clinical status. It is important to differentiate from other infections such as smallpox, chickenpox, and other zoonotic diseases.
Treatment
There is no specific antiviral treatment for monkeypox. The main treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms and supporting the body. Pharmacological treatment may include:
- Pain relievers and antipyretics to reduce discomfort.
- Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections.
- Immunoglobulin to support the immune system.
Surgical treatment may be necessary in cases of complications, such as abscess formation. Maintaining fluid balance and ensuring adequate nutrition are also very important.
List of medications used to treat this disease
Drugs that can be used to treat monkeypox include:
- Paracetamol to relieve pain and fever.
- Ibuprofen to relieve inflammation and pain.
- Antibiotics to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infections.
- Immunoglobulin, if prescribed by your doctor.
It should be noted that the use of antiviral agents, such as vaccination with live smallpox vaccine, is also being discussed in the context of preventing new cases of the disease.
Disease monitoring
Monitoring and control of the disease includes regular patient examinations and tests during the recovery phase. The prognosis is determined by the severity of the disease and the state of the patient's immune system. Possible complications range from mild to severe, including pneumonia and infectious processes in the skin. The effectiveness of preventive measures is an important area of work for epidemiologists.
Age-related features of the disease
Monkeypox can manifest itself differently depending on the age group. In children, symptoms may be more pronounced, while in adults the disease often proceeds in a mild form. After 60 years, age-related changes may predispose to more severe forms of the disease due to a weakened immune system. Studying age-related characteristics is important for developing differentiated treatment and prevention strategies.
Questions and Answers
- How is monkeypox transmitted? The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or people, as well as through objects contaminated with biological fluids.
- What are the main symptoms of the disease? The main symptoms include fever, headache, myalgia, lymphadenopathy and skin rash.
- Is there a vaccine against monkeypox? The smallpox vaccine may offer protection against monkeypox because the viruses have a similar structure.
- What is the mortality rate of monkeypox? Mortality varies, but is typically less than 10%, although it may be higher in harsh conditions.
- How is the disease diagnosed? Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and laboratory tests such as PCR and serological analysis.