Flat feet

Flat feet are an anatomical abnormality consisting of flattening of the arch of the foot, which leads to a change in its normal function and structure. This condition can be either congenital or acquired, manifesting itself in varying degrees of severity. Flattening of the arch of the foot often causes degenerative changes in the joint, muscle and ligament structures of the lower extremities, which, in turn, can negatively affect the biomechanics of gait and the general motor activity of the patient. Flat feet can manifest themselves both in early childhood and in adults, often leading to unpleasant symptoms such as pain in the foot, ankle and knee joints, as well as the lower back.

History of the disease and interesting historical facts

Flat feet were described in ancient times. In ancient Greek texts, there are references to this pathology, as well as descriptions of orthopedic means used to correct it. However, serious research into this disease began only in the 19th century. In the 1870s, orthopedics was actively developing in Europe, which contributed to the systematization of knowledge about flat feet. In parallel with the development of the science of flat feet, there was also progress in the production of specialized footwear and orthopedic insoles. The most effective methods of treatment and prevention of the disease became known in the 20th century, when orthopedists began to actively use radiography to diagnose and determine the degree of flat feet.

Epidemiology

Flat feet are a fairly common condition, with prevalence rates among children ranging from 5 to 20% depending on the region and living conditions. In adults, rates range from 30 to 40%. In the elderly population, the incidence of this condition can reach 60%. Men suffer from flat feet somewhat more often than women, but women seek medical help more often. One of the factors contributing to the increased prevalence of flat feet is a sedentary lifestyle and an increase in the number of overweight people.

Genetic predisposition to this disease

Scientific research shows that flat feet have a genetic predisposition. A number of genes, such as the COL1A1 gene, which is responsible for the synthesis of collagen in connective tissues, may be involved in the development of this pathology. People with a family history of flat feet have a significantly higher risk of their children developing this disease. Mutations in the genes responsible for the formation of collagen and elastin can lead to weakness of the ligaments and muscles, which ultimately contributes to changes in the shape of the foot.

Risk factors for the development of this disease

Among the risk factors that contribute to the development of flat feet, the following can be identified:

• Physical factors:
• Incorrect footwear, especially high heels or flat soles.
• Physical overload of the feet associated with professional or sports activities.
• Foot and ankle injuries.
• Chemical factors:
• Some cases of flat feet may be associated with long-term use of corticosteroids, which cause depletion of connective tissue.
• Other factors:
• Overweight and obesity.
• Certain diseases, such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis.

Diagnosis of this disease

Diagnosis of flat feet involves a comprehensive approach and begins with a clinical examination, during which the doctor evaluates the arch of the foot and its deformations. The main symptoms of flat feet include:

• Pain in the foot, ankle and knee joints.
• Tired legs during prolonged physical activity.
• Changes in gait with varying degrees of severity.

Laboratory tests are not the primary diagnostic method, but may be useful in excluding systemic diseases. Radiological examinations, such as X-rays, can accurately determine the degree of flatfoot and identify associated changes. Computer podometry is also used to assess the functional characteristics of the foot. Differential diagnosis should be made with conditions such as flatfoot caused by neuromuscular disorders or injuries.

Treatment

Treatment of flat feet depends on the severity of the pathology and symptoms. In general cases, the following approaches are used:

• Conservative treatment:
• Orthopedic insoles and special shoes.
• Physiotherapeutic methods, including electrophoresis and massage.
• Physical rehabilitation.
• Pharmacological treatment:
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain relief.
• Surgical treatment:
• Indicated in cases of ineffectiveness of conservative methods and significant deformations.
• Surgical interventions may include arch correction and tendon reinsertion.
• Other types of treatment:
• Acupuncture and manual therapy may be used to relieve symptoms.

List of medications used to treat this disease

The main medications for the treatment of flat feet include:

• diclofenac
• Ibuprofen
• Naproxen
• Ketorolac
• Meloxicam

Disease monitoring

Monitoring of flatfoot treatment should include regular examinations with assessment of the patient's condition dynamics. The prognosis for flatfoot patients largely depends on early diagnosis and treatment. Complications may include arthritis of the joints, varicose veins of the lower extremities, and pain in the lumbar spine due to incorrect gait mechanics.

Age-related features of the disease

Flat feet can manifest themselves at different stages of life. In children, it is often congenital and, as a rule, can be corrected with the help of orthopedic means. In adolescents, the development of flat feet can be associated with active physical activity, and in the elderly - with degenerative changes in connective tissues and overloads, which requires a radically different approach to treatment.

Questions and Answers

• What is flat feet? Flat feet is a foot deformity in which the arch flattens, which can cause pain and disrupt the biomechanics of movement.
• How to diagnose flat feet? Diagnostics include a physician examination, X-rays and computer podometry to assess the functional characteristics of the foot.
• How is flat feet treated? Treatment can be conservative (orthopedic shoes, physical rehabilitation) or surgical in severe cases.
• What factors contribute to the development of flat feet? Incorrect footwear, injuries, excess weight and genetic predisposition can lead to the development of flat feet.
• Can flat feet go away on their own? In children, flat feet may resolve naturally as they grow, but in adults, this condition requires treatment.

Advice from Dr. Oleg Korzhikov

Dr. Oleg Korzhikov advises paying attention to the choice of footwear, especially for children. Shoes should be comfortable and properly sized. Regular physical activity and foot exercises can also help prevent flat feet. It is important to see a doctor at the first symptoms, such as foot pain and fatigue, to avoid complications.