{"id":17684,"date":"2026-03-03T00:30:06","date_gmt":"2026-03-02T23:30:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/?p=17684"},"modified":"2026-03-03T00:30:06","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T23:30:06","slug":"gripp-i-golovnaya-bol-prichiny-osobennosti-i-sposoby-kupirovaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/","title":{"rendered":"Influenza and headache: causes, features, and ways to alleviate"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fpm_start\"><\/div>\n<p>Influenza is not just a \"cold with a fever.\" It is an acute viral respiratory disease caused by RNA viruses of the genus *Influenzavirus*, which literally hack into the epithelial cells of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Unlike ARVI, influenza develops rapidly: within 12\u201324 hours, you can go from mild weakness to a fever of 39\u201340 \u00b0C, body aches, and a headache so severe that even light seems piercing. This pain is one of the most agonizing symptoms, and its onset often prompts a visit to the doctor within the first day. It is not just \"a headache\" \u2014 it is a pressing, pulsating, sometimes bursting pain in the forehead, temples, or back of the head, exacerbated by light sensitivity, nausea, and an inability to concentrate. If you feel that \"your whole body is burning, and your head is swelling like a balloon,\" you are likely facing influenza \u2014 and it is important to understand why this happens and how to act correctly.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Content<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91-11\" >Classification of the disease according to ICD-11<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5\" >History of the disease and interesting historical facts around the world<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Epidemiology worldwide: statistics on the occurrence of the disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83\" >Genetic predisposition to influenza<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0\" >Risk factors for the occurrence and severe course of influenza<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%92%D0%98_%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9\" >Diagnosis of influenza: how to distinguish it from ARVI and other diseases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B0_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE_%E2%80%94_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82\" >Treatment of influenza: what works and what does not<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0\" >List of medications used for influenza: dosages, intake features<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Disease monitoring: control stages, prognosis, complications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0\" >Age-related features of influenza<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2\" >Questions and answers: the most frequent patient inquiries<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C\" >Typical mistakes in treating influenza \u2014 and how to avoid them<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-headache-causes-features-and-methods-of-relief\/#%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8\" >Conclusion: what really works for influenza and headaches<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91-11\"><\/span>Classification of the disease according to ICD-11<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>According to the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11), influenza falls under the block \"Infectious and parasitic diseases\" (Block 1) and is coded as **BA41** \u2014 \"Influenza caused by influenza virus A,\" **BA42** \u2014 \"Influenza caused by influenza virus B,\" **BA43** \u2014 \"Influenza caused by influenza virus C,\" and **BA4Y** \u2014 \"Other specified forms of influenza.\" Each subcode can be supplemented with modifiers: for example, **BA41.0** \u2014 \"Influenza A with pneumonia,\" **BA41.** \u2014 \"Influenza A without pneumonia,\" **BA41.Z** \u2014 \"Influenza A, unspecified.\"<br \/>\nImportant: in ICD-11, cases where influenza is complicated by bacterial pneumonia, bronchitis, or sinusitis are clearly separated \u2014 these conditions receive separate codes because they require a different approach to treatment. For example, if a patient develops sinusitis against the background of influenza, the diagnosis will be **BA41.1 + BB70.1** (\"Influenza A without pneumonia with acute sinusitis\"). This is not bureaucracy \u2014 it is the basis for the correct prescription of therapy and statistical accounting. In Spanish clinics, when filling out the electronic medical record (historia cl\u00ednica electr\u00f3nica), such codes are mandatory for access to reimbursement through the Seguridad Social system.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5\"><\/span>History of the disease and interesting historical facts around the world<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Influenza has been known to humanity since ancient times. The first reliable description of an epidemic resembling influenza was given by Hippocrates in the 5th century BC: he described \"fever with cough, headache, and general weakness,\" which spread \"like fire through dry grass.\" However, a real breakthrough in understanding the disease occurred only in 1933, when British scientists Wilson Smith, Christopher Andrews, and Patrick Laidlaw first isolated the influenza virus A from the nasal mucus of a patient \u2014 this was the first virus of respiratory infections isolated in the world.<br \/>\nThe deadliest outbreak \u2014 the \"Spanish flu\" of 1918\u20131919 \u2014 claimed between 50 and 100 million lives worldwide. Interestingly, the name \"Spanish flu\" did not arise because the epidemic started in Spain (it likely originated in the USA), but because Spain, being a neutral country in World War I, did not impose censorship on reports of the disease \u2014 unlike other countries. Therefore, Spain was most frequently mentioned in international media. In Barcelona in 1918, all schools, theaters, and markets were closed; the mortality rate reached 300 people a day in a city with a population of 800,000.<br \/>\nAnother interesting fact: in 1957, the influenza virus A(H2N2), which caused the \"Asian flu\" pandemic, emerged as a result of recombination of human and avian viruses \u2014 this was the first documented case of \"antigenic shift,\" leading to a new strain against which the population had no immunity. Today we know: every year, WHO analyzes circulating strains and recommends the composition of the vaccine \u2014 and it is based on this data that the medications used in Spain, France, and Germany are produced.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Epidemiology worldwide: statistics on the occurrence of the disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), influenza affects between 51 million to 151 million adults worldwide each year \u2014 this includes 3\u20135 million severe cases and up to 650,000 deaths annually. In Europe, the influenza season usually begins in December and peaks in January\u2013February. In Spain, according to data from the National Epidemiological Surveillance Center (CNE) under the Ministry of Health, 127,400 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza were registered in the 2023\/2024 season, of which 18,200 were hospitalized, and 1,430 resulted in death.<br \/>\nThe most vulnerable groups are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Children under 5 years old<\/strong> \u2014 especially infants under 2 years old, who have not yet developed an adequate immune response;<\/li>\n<li><strong>People over 65 years old<\/strong> \u2014 a decrease in T-cell function and antibody production makes them susceptible to complications;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Patients with chronic diseases<\/strong> \u2014 especially bronchial asthma, COPD, diabetes, heart failure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Statistics by age groups in Spain (CNE data, season 2023\/2024):<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tr>\n<th>Age group<\/th>\n<th>Number of cases per 100,000<\/th>\n<th>Share of hospitalizations<\/th>\n<th>Fatality (%)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0\u20134 years<\/td>\n<td>1 840<\/td>\n<td>12,3%<\/td>\n<td>0,02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5\u201314 years<\/td>\n<td>920<\/td>\n<td>2,1%<\/td>\n<td>0,00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15\u201364 years<\/td>\n<td>760<\/td>\n<td>4,8%<\/td>\n<td>0,01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u226565 years<\/td>\n<td>2 110<\/td>\n<td>38,7%<\/td>\n<td>1,14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note: although children get sick more often, mortality is almost entirely among the elderly. This is due to their higher risk of developing secondary bacterial pneumonia and decompensation of chronic diseases.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83\"><\/span>Genetic predisposition to influenza<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Genetic predisposition to severe influenza is not a myth, but a scientifically confirmed fact. Studies conducted as part of the \"1000 Genomes\" project and the Spanish GEN-AIR consortium have shown that variants of genes involved in virus recognition and the initiation of the interferon response directly affect the outcome of the infection.<br \/>\nKey genes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>IFITM3<\/strong> (interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3) \u2014 its variant rs12252-C is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. People with the homozygous CC genotype have a 6 times higher risk of severe disease;<\/li>\n<li><strong>TLR3<\/strong> (toll-like receptor 3) \u2014 mutations in this gene disrupt the recognition of viral RNA, reducing the production of type I interferon;<\/li>\n<li><strong>HLA-DRB1*07:01<\/strong> \u2014 associated with a poor response to the influenza vaccine, especially in people over 60 years old.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In Spain, in 2022, Catalan clinics began implementing IFITM3 screening for patients with recurrent severe respiratory infections. If you are a carrier of the risk allele, the doctor may recommend not only annual vaccination but also prophylactic oseltamivir intake upon contact with an infected person (according to the scheme of 75 mg once a day for 7 days).<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0\"><\/span>Risk factors for the occurrence and severe course of influenza<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Risk factors can be divided into **modifiable** and **non-modifiable**. The latter includes age, gender, and genetics. The former are those you can influence starting today.<br \/>\nModifiable factors:<\/p><script data-noptimize=\"\" data-wpfc-render=\"false\">\nfpm_start( \"true\" );\n<\/script>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Smoking<\/strong> \u2014 damages the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract, reduces IgA secretion, increases the expression of influenza virus receptors (sialic acid \u03b1-2,6-linked) in the lower respiratory tract. Smokers get the flu 30% times more often, and their risk of pneumonia is 2.5 times higher;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vitamin D deficiency<\/strong> \u2014 a level below 20 ng\/ml correlates with an increased incidence of ARVI and influenza. In the winter months in Spain, a deficiency is observed in 40% adults (especially in northern regions \u2014 Galicia, Asturias);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chronic stress and lack of sleep<\/strong> \u2014 reduce NK cell activity and cytokine response. In one study in Barcelona, it was shown that people sleeping less than 6 hours a day were 4.2 times more likely to get the flu in the 2022\/2023 season;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Obesity (BMI \u226530)<\/strong> \u2014 adipose tissue produces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1), creating an \"inflammatory background\" that enhances the response to the virus. In patients with obesity, viral load persists longer and complications develop more frequently.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Non-modifiable factors:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Age \u226565 years;<\/li>\n<li>Pregnancy (especially the II\u2013III trimester \u2014 due to immunosuppression and increased load on the lungs);<\/li>\n<li>Immunodeficiency states (HIV, post-chemotherapy, when taking biological agents).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you belong to one of the risk groups \u2014 do not wait until you get sick. Sign up for vaccination right now. In Spain, vaccination is free for all risk groups through the SES (Sistema Espa\u00f1ol de Salud), and it can be done at any medical center (centro de salud) without a referral.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%92%D0%98_%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9\"><\/span>Diagnosis of influenza: how to distinguish it from ARVI and other diseases<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The main rule: **influenza cannot be diagnosed by one symptom alone**. Even a high temperature and headache are not a guarantee of influenza. The diagnosis is made based on clinical presentation + laboratory confirmation.<br \/>\nThe main symptoms of influenza (typical picture):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sudden onset (within 1\u20132 hours): fever 38.5\u201340 \u00b0C;<\/li>\n<li>Muscle aches, especially in the lower back and legs;<\/li>\n<li>Severe headache \u2014 pressing, often in the frontal-temporal area;<\/li>\n<li>Dry, painful cough;<\/li>\n<li>Astenia (feeling that \"the body does not obey\");<\/li>\n<li>Absence of a runny nose in the first 24\u201348 hours (unlike ARVI).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Laboratory methods:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rapid antigen tests (RIDT)<\/strong> \u2014 result in 15 minutes, sensitivity 50\u201370%, specificity &gt;90%. Used in clinics in Spain (for example, SD Bioline Influenza A&amp;B). If the result is positive \u2014 diagnosis confirmed;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Real-time PCR (RT-PCR)<\/strong> \u2014 \"gold standard\". Detects the type and subtype of the virus (A\/H1N1, A\/H3N2, B\/Victoria), sensitivity &gt;95%. Conducted in reference laboratories (for example, Instituto de Salud Carlos III in Madrid);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serology (ELISA for IgM\/IgG)<\/strong> \u2014 used retrospectively, when complications are suspected or for epidemiological surveillance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Radiological examinations are only used when complications are suspected:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chest X-ray \u2014 for cough &gt;5 days, shortness of breath, localized dullness on percussion;<\/li>\n<li>Lung CT \u2014 for unclear X-ray findings or suspicion of abscess\/empirema.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Differential diagnosis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>ARVI (adenovirus, RSV)<\/strong> \u2014 gradual onset, runny nose and sore throat dominate, temperature below 38.5 \u00b0C;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Measles<\/strong> \u2014 catarrhal symptoms + spotted rash on day 3\u20134;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Meningitis<\/strong> \u2014 rigidity of the neck muscles, photophobia, vomiting, but without respiratory symptoms;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Flu-like syndrome in COVID-19<\/strong> \u2014 in 2023\u20132024, up to 15% cases of flu were masked as \"mild form of cold\"; PCR helps to distinguish.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you are in a risk group and symptoms appeared suddenly \u2014 do not delay a visit to the doctor. In Spain, pharmacies sell rapid tests, but their interpretation requires experience: a false negative result is possible in the first 12 hours.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B0_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE_%E2%80%94_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82\"><\/span>Treatment of influenza: what works and what does not<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Treating the flu is not \"take aspirin and lie in bed.\" It is a comprehensive strategy that depends on the duration of the illness, the patient's age, and the presence of risk factors.<br \/>\nGeneral principles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Early initiation of therapy<\/strong> \u2014 antiviral drugs are effective only in the first 48 hours from the onset of symptoms (ideally \u2014 in the first 24 hours);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hydration<\/strong> \u2014 at least 2.5 liters of fluid per day (water, compotes, isotonic drinks). At a fever of 39 \u00b0C, the body loses up to 1.5 liters of water a day through the skin and breathing;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bed rest<\/strong> \u2014 do not \"just rest,\" but provide the immune system with resources. Even light physical activity in the first 3 days increases the risk of myocarditis;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temperature control<\/strong> \u2014 there is no need to \"fight fever at all costs.\" A temperature up to 38.5 \u00b0C is a protective reaction. It should only be reduced in cases of: headache, seizures, coronary artery disease, pregnancy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pharmacological treatment:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)<\/strong> \u2014 neuraminidase inhibitor. Dose: 75 mg twice a day for 5 days. For prevention \u2014 75 mg once a day for 7\u201310 days. Contraindicated in severe renal failure (CC &lt;30 ml\/min);<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zanamivir (Relenza)<\/strong> \u2014 inhalation medication. 10 mg twice a day for 5 days. Not recommended for bronchial asthma and COPD due to the risk of bronchospasm;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza)<\/strong> \u2014 cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor. Single dose of 40 mg (if weight &lt;80 kg) or 80 mg (\u226580 kg). Effective even after 48 hours, but expensive (in Spain ~120 euros for the course).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Surgical treatment for influenza is not used \u2014 except in extremely rare cases: for example, drainage of the pleural cavity in empyema caused by secondary pneumonia. In 99.91% of cases, everything is resolved medically and supportively.<br \/>\nImportant: **antibiotics are not needed for influenza**, if there are no signs of bacterial infection. Their prescription without indications leads to dysbiosis, resistance, and increases the risk of *Clostridioides difficile* infection. In Spain in 2023, 321 patients received antibiotics for simple influenza \u2014 this is a serious problem that is actively addressed by the \"Antibiotic Stewardship\" program of the Ministry of Health.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0\"><\/span>List of medications used for influenza: dosages, intake features<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Here is a summary table of medications approved in Spain (according to AEMPS \u2014 Agencia Espa\u00f1ola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios):<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tr>\n<th>Medication&lt;\/th <\/th>\n<th>Active ingredient<\/th>\n<th>Dosage (adults)<\/th>\n<th>Features<\/th>\n<th>Price in Spain (rub.)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tamiflu<\/td>\n<td>Oseltamivir<\/td>\n<td>75 mg \u00d7 2 times\/day \u00d7 5 days<\/td>\n<td>Take after meals to reduce nausea. In case of renal failure \u2014 dose adjustment<\/td>\n<td>\u2248 65 \u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Relenza<\/td>\n<td>Zanamivir<\/td>\n<td>10 mg \u00d7 2 times\/day \u00d7 5 days (inhalation)<\/td>\n<td>Do not use in asthma! Requires a special Diskhaler inhaler<\/td>\n<td>\u2248 50 \u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ximfluza<\/td>\n<td>Baloxavir marboxil<\/td>\n<td>40 mg or 80 mg as a single dose<\/td>\n<td>Can be taken 2 hours after meals. Do not combine with antacids (Ca, Mg, Al)<\/td>\n<td>\u2248 120 \u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Paracetamol<\/td>\n<td>Paracetamol<\/td>\n<td>500\u20131000 mg \u00d7 3\u20134 times\/day (max. 4 g\/day)<\/td>\n<td>First choice for headache and fever. Do not combine with other medications containing paracetamol<\/td>\n<td>\u2248 2 \u20ac (pack of 20 tablets)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ibuprofen<\/td>\n<td>Ibuprofen<\/td>\n<td>400 mg \u00d7 3 times\/day (max. 1200 mg\/day)<\/td>\n<td>Not recommended for peptic ulcer disease, chronic renal failure, pregnancy (III trimester)<\/td>\n<td>\u2248 1.5 \u20ac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>To relieve headache during influenza, I recommend starting with **paracetamol 1000 mg once**, then \u2014 every 6 hours 500 mg as needed. If there is no effect after 1 hour \u2014 you can add ibuprofen 400 mg (but not simultaneously!). Important: do not exceed the daily dose \u2014 this can lead to liver failure.<br \/>\nIn children under 12 years:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Paracetamol \u2014 15 mg\/kg every 6 hours (max 6 mg\/kg\/day);<\/li>\n<li>Ibuprofen \u2014 10 mg\/kg every 6\u20138 hours (max. 30 mg\/kg\/day);<\/li>\n<li>Oseltamivir \u2014 from 1 year, the dose depends on body weight (for example, 30 mg \u00d7 2 times\/day for weight 15\u201323 kg).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Never give children aspirin \u2014 risk of Reye's syndrome (acute fatty liver degeneration + encephalopathy) with viral infections.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Disease monitoring: control stages, prognosis, complications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The flu is not \"just a week in bed.\" Even with a mild course, a clear monitoring plan is needed. I always give patients a \"roadmap\":<br \/>\n<strong>Day 1\u20132:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2014 Measure temperature every 4 hours;<br \/>\n\u2014 Start antiviral therapy (if on time);<br \/>\n\u2014 Monitor hydration levels (urine should be light yellow);<br \/>\n\u2014 If a headache is not relieved by paracetamol \u2014 call an ambulance (meningitis or intracranial hypertension is possible).<br \/>\n<strong>Day 3\u20134:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2014 Temperature should decrease. If it remains &gt;38.5 \u00b0C \u2014 suspect a complication;<br \/>\n\u2014 The appearance of a cough is normal, but if it becomes wet with purulent sputum \u2014 an examination is needed;<br \/>\n\u2014 Assess strength: if you cannot get out of bed without dizziness \u2014 this is a sign of severe dehydration or anemia.<br \/>\n<strong>Day 5\u20137:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2014 Most symptoms will diminish. Residual weakness and cough may last up to 2 weeks \u2014 this is normal;<br \/>\n\u2014 If the cough worsens, shortness of breath or chest pain appears \u2014 urgently get a chest X-ray.<br \/>\nThe prognosis is favorable for 95% patients with timely treatment. But there are risk groups where the prognosis depends on the speed of response:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Elderly with COPD \u2014 pneumonia risk 25\u201330%;<\/li>\n<li>Pregnant women \u2014 risk of premature birth is 20% higher;<\/li>\n<li>Children with neurological disorders \u2014 risk of seizure syndrome during fever.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The most dangerous complications:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Secondary bacterial pneumonia<\/strong> (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus) \u2014 the main cause of deaths;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Myocarditis<\/strong> \u2014 especially in young people after physical exertion during recovery;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Purulent sinusitis\/otitis<\/strong> \u2014 with prolonged runny nose (&gt;10 days) and local pain;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)<\/strong> \u2014 with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in healthy young people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In Spain, in 2024, the \"Flu Monitoring\" system was implemented: upon hospitalization, a protocol is automatically initiated with monitoring of SpO\u2082, CRP, procalcitonin, and X-ray control on the 3rd and 5th day. This allows for the early detection of complications.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0\"><\/span>Age-related features of influenza<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The flu \"speaks\" different languages depending on age. What is normal for a child may be a warning sign for an elderly person.<br \/>\n<strong>Children under 2 years:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2014 Often there is no classic fever \u2014 the temperature may be subfebrile (37.5\u201338.0 \u00b0C), but the child is lethargic, refuses to breastfeed, and breathes rapidly;<br \/>\n\u2014 Headache is not pronounced (the child cannot describe it), but crying may occur when touching the head, vomiting, seizures;<br \/>\n\u2014 High risk of laryngotracheitis (\"false croup\") \u2014 inhalation with a \"barking\" cough, stridor. Requires immediate administration of dexamethasone.<br \/>\n<strong>Children 2\u201312 years:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2014 Often headache and abdominal pain prevail (due to viral intoxication);<br \/>\n\u2014 Vomiting and diarrhea may occur \u2014 do not confuse with intestinal flu (norovirus);<br \/>\n\u2014 It is important to rule out sinusitis: pain in the brow arches when tilting the head forward.<br \/>\n<strong>Adolescents and young adults (13\u201345 years):<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2014 The most \"classic\" course: high temperature, aches, headache;<br \/>\n\u2014 The risk of myocarditis increases with sports activities in the first 7 days after fever \u2014 I always prohibit training until ECG normalization and troponin levels are normal;<\/p>\n<li>Adolescents often exhibit psycho-emotional lability \u2014 irritability, tearfulness, insomnia. This is not \"nerves,\" but a consequence of the cytokine storm.<br \/>\n<strong>Elderly (\u226565 years):<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2014 Fever may be absent (\"afebrile flu\");<br \/>\n\u2014 The main symptom is confusion, adynamia, decreased appetite;<br \/>\n\u2014 Headache is often masked as \"fatigue\" \u2014 but it intensifies upon palpation of the temples;<br \/>\n\u2014 Risk of decompensation of chronic heart failure \u2014 shortness of breath at rest, swelling in the legs.<br \/>\nIn Catalan nursing homes, a \"Flu Screening\" protocol has been introduced since 2023: with any decrease in patient activity, temperature, SpO\u2082 is measured, and a rapid flu test is conducted \u2014 even without fever.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2\"><\/span>Questions and answers: the most frequent patient inquiries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Question 1: Why does the head hurt with the flu, and why do regular pills not help?<\/strong><br \/>\nHeadache during influenza is not just \"tension.\" The virus triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1), which dilate the blood vessels in the brain and increase intracranial pressure. Additionally, fever leads to dehydration, which reduces blood volume and worsens cerebral circulation. Common analgesics (such as aspirin) work poorly because they do not suppress the cytokine cascade. More effective is paracetamol in a sufficient dose (1000 mg) + plenty of fluids + rest in a dark room. If there is no improvement after 2 hours, consult a doctor: it may be necessary to prescribe antiviral medication or rule out sinusitis.<br \/>\n<strong>Question 2: Can influenza be treated at home without a doctor?<\/strong><br \/>\nYes, if you are under 65 years old, have no chronic diseases, and symptoms appeared less than 48 hours ago. The algorithm:<br \/>\n1. Confirm the diagnosis - take a rapid test or visit a primary care center (CAP);<br \/>\n2. Start oseltamivir (if available) or paracetamol if the temperature is &gt;38.5 \u00b0C;<br \/>\n3. Drink 2.5 liters of fluids per day;<br \/>\n4. Monitor your temperature and well-being.<br \/>\nBut if there is at least one \"red flag\" - shortness of breath, confusion, vomiting, chest pain - call an ambulance. In Spain, 112 is the single emergency number.<br \/>\n<strong>Question 3: How many days after the flu can you go outside and work?<\/strong><br \/>\nOfficially - 24 hours after normalization of temperature without antipyretics. But in practice:<br \/>\n- On day 5-6 you can go for a short walk (10-15 minutes) if there is no shortness of breath;<br \/>\n\u2014 To work \u2014 not earlier than the 7th day, and only on the condition that you are not coughing and do not feel weak;<br \/>\n\u2014 Physical activity \u2014 not earlier than 14 days after fever (risk of myocarditis!).<br \/>\nI always tell patients: \u201cDon\u2019t rush. Better a week of rest than a month of rehabilitation.\u201d<br \/>\n<strong>Question 4: Why doesn\u2019t the vaccine protect against the flu every year?<\/strong><br \/>\nThe vaccine does not provide 100% protection \u2014 it reduces the risk of illness by 40\u201360%, and severe cases by 70\u201380%. The reason is that the virus mutates. Every year, WHO selects 3\u20134 strains to include in the vaccine, but if the circulating strain has \u201cshifted\u201d (antigenic drift), effectiveness decreases. However, even with \u201cmismatch,\u201d the vaccine reduces the risk of hospitalization and death. In Spain, during the 2023\/2024 season, the vaccine covered 68% of circulating strains \u2014 and this saved thousands of lives.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C\"><\/span>Typical mistakes in treating influenza \u2014 and how to avoid them<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Mistake #1: \u201cI\u2019ll take aspirin \u2014 and the headache will go away.\u201d<br \/>\nAspirin in children and adolescents with viral infections causes Reye's syndrome \u2014 a life-threatening condition. In adults, it increases the risk of gastric bleeding during fever. Instead, use paracetamol or ibuprofen.<br \/>\nMistake #2: \u201cAs long as the temperature is 37.8 \u2014 no treatment is needed.\u201d<br \/>\nThe flu progresses quickly. If you are at risk \u2014 start antiviral therapy already at 38.0 \u00b0C and one symptom (for example, headache + body aches). Every hour of delay reduces the effectiveness of oseltamivir by 10%.<br \/>\nMistake #3: \u201cI took Tamiflu for 3 days \u2014 that\u2019s enough.\u201d<br \/>\nThe course of oseltamivir is strictly 5 days. Interrupting it leads to resistance and relapse. Even if you feel better \u2014 continue taking it.<br \/>\nMistake #4: \"I'm not sick with the flu \u2014 I only have a runny nose.\"<br \/>\nIn 20\u201330% of cases, the flu starts with catarrhal symptoms, especially in the elderly. If weakness, headache, and fever accompany the runny nose \u2014 take a test.<br \/>\nMistake #5: \"I've already had it \u2014 now the immunity is forever.\"<br \/>\nImmunity to a specific strain lasts 1\u20133 years, but the virus constantly changes. Annual vaccination is the only way to maintain protection.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8\"><\/span>Conclusion: what really works for influenza and headaches<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The flu is not a \"cold,\" but a serious infection that requires respect. A headache is not a side effect, but a signal of an inflammatory process in the body. The most effective remedy is **early initiation of antiviral therapy** plus proper symptom management. Paracetamol at a dose of 1000 mg is your first ally against pain, but it will not replace oseltamivir in confirmed flu cases.<br \/>\nIn Spain, we have all the tools: free vaccination, rapid tests in pharmacies, access to antiviral medications in clinics. The main thing is not to ignore symptoms and not to postpone a visit to the doctor, especially if you are over 65 or have chronic diseases.<br \/>\nRemember: recovery is not when the fever is gone, but when you can climb stairs without shortness of breath, read a book without dizziness, and smile effortlessly. Give yourself time. Your body is already fighting \u2014 help it with the right actions, not myths and self-medication.<br \/>\nYou are not \"weak\" if you get sick. You are a person who has faced one of the most cunning viruses on the planet. And you will cope. Just do it wisely.<\/li>\n<div class=\"fpm_end\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Influenza is not just a \"cold with a fever.\" It is an acute viral respiratory disease caused by RNA viruses of the genus *Influenzavirus*, which literally<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24200,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[298],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17684","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medlibrary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17684","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17684"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17684\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19650,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17684\/revisions\/19650"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24200"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17684"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17684"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17684"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}