{"id":17680,"date":"2026-03-03T00:25:54","date_gmt":"2026-03-02T23:25:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/?p=17680"},"modified":"2026-03-03T00:25:54","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T23:25:54","slug":"gripp-i-immunitet-kak-virus-podavlyaet-zaschitnye-sily-organizma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/","title":{"rendered":"Flu and immunity: how the virus suppresses the body's defenses"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fpm_start\"><\/div>\n<p>Influenza is not just a \"cold with a fever.\" It is an acute viral respiratory disease caused by RNA viruses of the genus *Influenzavirus*, which literally hack the body's defense mechanisms within hours. Within 24\u201348 hours after the virus enters the nasopharynx, you may feel muscle aches, a fever of 39\u201340 \u00b0C, headaches, weakness, a dry cough, and a sensation as if your body has been \"taken apart.\" But the most dangerous aspect is not these symptoms, but how the virus suppresses the immune system: it does not just disguise itself from it, it actively blocks key links in the defense, making the body vulnerable to bacterial invasions and even its own cells. This is why influenza can lead to pneumonia, myocarditis, or exacerbation of chronic diseases\u2014especially in those whose immune system is already \"overworked.\"<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Content<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91-11\" >Classification of the disease according to ICD-11<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\" >History of the disease and interesting historical facts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Epidemiology: statistics on the occurrence of the disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83\" >Genetic predisposition to influenza<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0\" >Risk factors for flu occurrence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%92%D0%98_%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9\" >Diagnosis of influenza: how to distinguish it from ARVI and other diseases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C\" >Treatment of influenza: when and how to act<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5\" >List of medications used for influenza<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7\" >Disease monitoring: control stages and prognosis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0\" >Age-related features of influenza progression<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B\" >Questions and Answers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/flu-and-immunity-how-the-virus-suppresses-the-body-s-defense-forces\/#%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C\" >Typical mistakes in treating influenza and how to avoid them<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%91-11\"><\/span>Classification of the disease according to ICD-11<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>According to the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11), influenza falls under the category \"Infectious and parasitic diseases\" (Block BA), subcategory \"Viral infections of the respiratory tract\" (Code BA42). The specific code depends on the type of virus and clinical form:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>BA42.0<\/strong> \u2014 Influenza caused by influenza virus A (e.g., H1N1, H3N2)<\/li>\n<li><strong>BA42.1<\/strong> \u2014 Influenza caused by influenza virus B<\/li>\n<li><strong>BA42.2<\/strong> \u2014 Influenza caused by influenza virus C (rarely causes epidemics)<\/li>\n<li><strong>BA42.3<\/strong> \u2014 Influenza caused by influenza virus D (mainly in animals, rare cases in humans)<\/li>\n<li><strong>BA42.Y<\/strong> \u2014 Other specified forms of influenza (e.g., mixed infection A+B)<\/li>\n<li><strong>BA42.Z<\/strong> \u2014 Unspecified influenza<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Important: ICD-11 introduces a division by severity\u2014mild, moderate, severe, and critical forms. The critical form includes the development of acute respiratory failure, septic shock, or multiple organ failure. This is not just a formality\u2014such codes directly affect treatment tactics and hospitalization. For example, with code BA42.0+BA42.Z (unspecified influenza with complications), the patient must be immediately referred to an infectious disease department, rather than treated on an outpatient basis.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\"><\/span>History of the disease and interesting historical facts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Influenza has been known to humanity since ancient times. The first reliable description of an epidemic appears in the works of Hippocrates (5th century BC)\u2014he described \"fever with cough and shortness of breath\" that struck Northern Greece. But a true breakthrough in understanding came only in the 20th century.<br \/>\nIn 1918, the \"Spanish flu\" broke out\u2014a pandemic of influenza A(H1N1) that claimed the lives of 50 to 100 million people worldwide. Notably, this wave had the highest mortality rate among the 20\u201340 age group\u2014usually the most resilient to infections. Research from 2005, based on samples extracted from bodies buried in the permafrost of Alaska, confirmed that the virus had a unique ability to cause a \"cytokine storm\"\u2014a hyperreaction of the immune system that killed not the virus, but the patient themselves.<br \/>\nAnother interesting fact: in 1933, British scientists William Smith, Christopher Andrews, and Patrick Laidlaw first isolated the influenza virus A from the nasal mucus of a patient. They used chicken embryos for this\u2014 a method that remains the basis for vaccine production to this day. And yes, the name \"Spanish flu\" did not arise because it started in Spain\u2014Spain was neutral in World War I and did not censor news about the disease, unlike the warring countries. Therefore, the first reports of mass cases came from Madrid\u2014and the world mistakenly attributed the epidemic to this country.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Epidemiology: statistics on the occurrence of the disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>According to WHO, influenza affects between 51 million to 151 million people worldwide each year. This amounts to 290\u2013650 million cases annually. Of these, about 3\u20135 million are severe forms, and 290\u2013650 thousand end in death. The highest risk is among children under 5 years old, people over 65 years old, and individuals with chronic diseases.<br \/>\nIn Russia, the flu season traditionally begins in November\u2013December and peaks in January\u2013February. According to Rospotrebnadzor for the 2024\/2025 years, the epidemic threshold was exceeded in 47 regions of the country, with 12 of them exceeding it by more than 2 times. The most active strain was A(H3N2), which is characterized by a high mutation rate and frequent complications in the elderly.<br \/>\nHere is how cases are distributed by age groups (data for 2023, FGBU Research Institute of Influenza of the Russian Academy of Sciences):<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Age group<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Proportion of cases (1 million)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Risk of hospitalization<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Risk of fatal outcome<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0\u20134 years<\/td>\n<td>28%<\/td>\n<td>High (especially with a history of ARVI)<\/td>\n<td>Low, but increases with congenital defects<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5\u201317 years<\/td>\n<td>22%<\/td>\n<td>Medium<\/td>\n<td>Very low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>18\u201364 years<\/td>\n<td>35%<\/td>\n<td>Medium (increased with smoking, diabetes)<\/td>\n<td>Low, but increases with grade III obesity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>65+ years<\/td>\n<td>15%<\/td>\n<td>Very high<\/td>\n<td>Highest \u2014 up to 90% of all deaths from influenza<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note: the numbers may seem modest, but considering that there are 146 million people in Russia, even 5% means 7.3 million cases per year. And this is only the registered cases. Many people experience influenza \"on their feet,\" without consulting a doctor \u2014 the real number may be 30\u201350% higher.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83\"><\/span>Genetic predisposition to influenza<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Genetics plays a role not in whether \"you will get sick,\" but in \"how you will cope with the illness.\" Research over the last 10 years has identified several key genes that influence susceptibility to influenza and the severity of the disease:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>IFITM3<\/strong> (interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3) \u2014 this gene encodes a protein that blocks the virus from entering the cell. People with the rs12252-C mutation have an increased risk of severe influenza. This mutation occurs in 25% of Asians and only in 4% of Europeans.<\/li>\n<li><strong>HLA-DRB1*07:01<\/strong> \u2014 variant of the major histocompatibility complex gene. Carriers of this allele are worse at recognizing viral peptides, so their immune response is delayed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>MBL2** (mannose-binding lectin 2)** \u2014 regulates innate immunity. MBL deficiency increases the risk of secondary bacterial infections during influenza.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>TLR7<\/strong> \u2014 gene of the receptor that recognizes viral RNA. Mutations here are more common in women and are associated with increased interferon production \u2014 which is theoretically good, but can provoke a cytokine storm during influenza.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Important: genetic predisposition is not a death sentence. It only changes the \"initial conditions.\" For example, a person with an IFITM3 mutation can avoid severe influenza if vaccinated on time and does not come into contact with the source of infection at the peak of the epidemic. Genetics is not fate, but a risk map that can be adjusted through prevention.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0\"><\/span>Risk factors for flu occurrence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Risk factors are divided into unmodifiable and modifiable. The former are things you cannot change (age, gender, genetics). The latter are those over which you have control.<br \/>\nImmutable:<\/p><script data-noptimize=\"\" data-wpfc-render=\"false\">\nfpm_start( \"true\" );\n<\/script>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Age over 65 or under 2 years<\/li>\n<li>Gender: women in menopause and men with low testosterone levels have an increased risk of severe illness.<\/li>\n<li>The presence of chromosomal abnormalities (for example, Down syndrome - the risk of hospitalization is 10 times higher).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Modifiable:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Smoking<\/strong> - reduces the function of ciliated epithelium in the airways by 30\u201350%. Even passive smoking increases the risk of infection by 20%.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chronic vitamin D deficiency.<\/strong> - a level below 20 ng\/ml is associated with a 2-fold increase in the risk of hospitalization for influenza (according to a meta-analysis from 2022, BMJ).<\/li>\n<li><strong>A body mass index of less than 18.5 kg\/m\u00b2 or obesity class III (BMI \u2265 40).<\/strong> - both conditions disrupt immune homeostasis.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stress and sleep disturbances.<\/strong> - with 6 hours of sleep per day, interferon production decreases by 30% compared to 8 hours.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Air pollution (PM2.5).<\/strong> - every 10 \u00b5g\/m\u00b3 increases the risk of hospitalization by 1.5% (data from the WHO European Region).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If your goal is to reduce risk - start not with vitamins, but with analyzing these factors. For example: do you smoke and live in a metropolis? Then even vaccination will not provide 100% protection - a comprehensive approach is needed.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%92%D0%98_%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9\"><\/span>Diagnosis of influenza: how to distinguish it from ARVI and other diseases<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The main thing is not to confuse influenza with a common cold. Symptoms overlap, but there are \"red flags\":<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sudden onset.<\/strong> - temperature spikes to 39\u201340 \u00b0C within 2\u20134 hours (with ARVI - gradually, over 1\u20132 days).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Systemic symptoms dominate.<\/strong> - aches, headache, weakness are stronger than runny nose and cough.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Runny nose - not always present.<\/strong> - in 30% of patients, it is completely absent, especially in the first 2 days.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cough - dry, paroxysmal, without sputum for the first 3-4 days<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Laboratory diagnostics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rapid antigen tests (RIA, ELISA)<\/strong> - sensitivity 50-70%, specificity 90-95%. Result in 15 minutes. Suitable for mass screening, but not for confirmation in severe patients.<\/li>\n<li><strong>PCR test from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs<\/strong> - \"gold standard\". Sensitivity &gt;95%, allows to determine the type and subtype of the virus (A\/H1N1, B\/Victoria, etc.). Time - 4-6 hours.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Serology (ELISA for antibodies)<\/strong> - used retrospectively: a fourfold or greater increase in IgG titers in paired sera confirms infection. Not suitable for emergency diagnosis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Radiological methods are used only when complications are suspected:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chest X-ray - in case of suspected pneumonia (areas of opacity, \"ground-glass\" appearance)<\/li>\n<li>CT of the lungs - in unclear clinical situations, suspicion of abscess or pleural effusion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Differential diagnosis includes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ARVI (adenovirus, rhinovirus) - slow onset, fewer systemic symptoms<\/li>\n<li>COVID-19 - loss of smell\/taste, more pronounced shortness of breath, but similar X-ray picture<\/li>\n<li>Bacterial pneumonia - temperature persists for &gt;5 days, purulent sputum<\/li>\n<li>Mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr) - lymphadenopathy, tonsillitis with coating, leukopenia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C\"><\/span>Treatment of influenza: when and how to act<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Treatment of influenza - it is not \"recovery in 3 days,\" but management of the process to prevent complications. Main principles:<br \/>\n<strong>1. Antiviral therapy - only in the first 48 hours<\/strong>.<br \/>\nAfter 48 hours, effectiveness drops sharply, but it is still prescribed in severe cases. Drugs of choice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)<\/strong> - neuraminidase inhibitor. Dose: 75 mg twice a day for 5 days. In children - by weight (3 mg\/kg). Contraindicated in severe renal failure.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zanamivir (Relenza)<\/strong> - also a neuraminidase inhibitor, but in the form of inhalations. Not suitable for bronchial asthma and COPD in history.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza)<\/strong> - inhibits cap-dependent endonuclease of the virus. Single dose (40 mg for adults, 20 mg for children \u226512 years). Effective even at 48-72 hours, but more expensive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Symptomatic therapy \u2014 with common sense<\/strong>.<br \/>\nThere are many mistakes here. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Paracetamol \u2014 safe at a temperature &gt;38.5 \u00b0C. Maximum 4 g\/day for adults.<\/li>\n<li>Ibuprofen \u2014 can be used, but not in the presence of a stomach ulcer or kidney failure.<\/li>\n<li>Aspirin \u2014 prohibited for children under 15 years due to the risk of Reye's syndrome.<\/li>\n<li>Antitussives (codeine, butamirate) \u2014 only for dry, exhausting cough. Contraindicated for wet cough!<\/li>\n<li>Decongestants (xylometazoline) \u2014 no more than 5 days, otherwise \u2014 drug-induced rhinitis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Support for immunity \u2014 not \"vitamins in cubes\"<\/strong>.<br \/>\nThere is no evidence that vitamin C at a dose of 1 g\/day speeds up recovery from influenza. But there is data on zinc: taking 75 mg\/day (as acetate or gluconate) in the first 24 hours reduces the duration of symptoms by 1\u20132 days. The main thing is not to exceed 100 mg\/day, otherwise \u2014 nausea and decreased immunity.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5\"><\/span>List of medications used for influenza<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Here is a summary table of medications with dosage regimens and restrictions:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Preparation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mechanism of action<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Dosage (adults)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Restrictions<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oseltamivir<\/td>\n<td>Neuraminidase inhibitor<\/td>\n<td>75 mg \u00d7 2 times\/day \u00d7 5 days; prevention \u2014 75 mg \u00d7 1 time\/day \u00d7 10 days<\/td>\n<td>Kidney failure (ClCr &lt;30 ml\/min) \u2014 dose 30 mg \u00d7 2 times\/day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Baloxavir<\/td>\n<td>Inhibits cap-dependent endonuclease<\/td>\n<td>Single dose: 40 mg (weight 40\u201380 kg), 80 mg (&gt;80 kg)<\/td>\n<td>Do not combine with antacids (after 2 hours)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Zinc (acetate)<\/td>\n<td>Stabilizes cell membranes, suppresses virus replication<\/td>\n<td>15\u201330 mg of elemental zinc \u00d7 3 times\/day \u00d7 5 days<\/td>\n<td>No more than 100 mg\/day; do not combine with iron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Paracetamol<\/td>\n<td>Inhibits COX-2 in the CNS<\/td>\n<td>500\u20131000 mg \u00d7 3\u20134 times\/day (max. 4 g)<\/td>\n<td>Liver failure \u2014 max. 2 g\/day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ambroxol<\/td>\n<td>Mucolytic, stimulates surfactant secretion<\/td>\n<td>30 mg \u00d7 3 times\/day (tablets), 15 mg\/ml \u00d7 2.5 ml \u00d7 2 times\/day (syrup)<\/td>\n<td>Not for allergy to components<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note: antibiotics for influenza **are not prescribed prophylactically**. They are needed only in case of confirmed bacterial superinfection (for example, with the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae in sputum or in X-ray pneumonia).<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7\"><\/span>Disease monitoring: control stages and prognosis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Influenza requires monitoring not only in the acute period but also in the recovery phase. Control points:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Day 1\u20132<\/strong> \u2014 assessment of the effectiveness of antiviral therapy: temperature should decrease by 0.5\u20131 \u00b0C\/day. If not \u2014 reconsider the diagnosis or dosage.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Day 3\u20134<\/strong> \u2014 appearance of sputum (transition from dry to wet cough) \u2014 normal. If the cough worsens and the temperature returns \u2014 bacterial pneumonia may be possible.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Day 5\u20137<\/strong> \u2014 assessment of lung function: shortness of breath when walking 50 m, blood oxygen saturation (SpO\u2082) should be \u226595% at rest.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Day 10+<\/strong> \u2014 monitoring of general condition: fatigue, dizziness, sweating may indicate post-influenza asthenic syndrome or myocarditis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Forecast:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mild form \u2014 recovery in 7\u201310 days<\/li>\n<li>Moderate \u2014 10\u201314 days, residual effects possible (cough, weakness)<\/li>\n<li>Severe \u2014 up to 21 days, risk of complications 15\u201320%<\/li>\n<li>Critical \u2014 mortality up to 30% even with intensive therapy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Frequent complications:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Secondary bacterial pneumonia<\/strong> \u2014 most often Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Myocarditis and pericarditis<\/strong> \u2014 especially in young people without chronic diseases<\/li>\n<li><strong>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)<\/strong> \u2014 during cytokine storm, requires mechanical ventilation<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exacerbation of chronic diseases<\/strong> \u2014 COPD, bronchial asthma, heart failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0\"><\/span>Age-related features of influenza progression<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Influenza \"plays\" by different rules depending on age. Here's how it looks in practice:<br \/>\n<strong>Children under 2 years:<\/strong><br \/>\nOften there is no classic fever \u2014 instead, there is lethargy, refusal to eat, vomiting, diarrhea. The risk of complications is high: from otitis (up to 30% of cases) to bronchiolitis. Special attention to signs of respiratory failure: nasal wings \"flare,\" retraction of intercostal spaces, respiratory rate &gt;50 per minute in infants.<br \/>\n<strong>Children 2\u201312 years:<\/strong><br \/>\nCharacterized by high fever (up to 40.5 \u00b0C), vomiting, seizures (with rapid rise). Often develops \"influenza meningism\" \u2014 neck syndrome without meningitis. Important: in children under 5 years, the risk of Reye's syndrome with aspirin intake is almost 100% with influenza.<br \/>\n<strong>Adolescents and young adults (13\u201340 years):<\/strong><br \/>\nMost often \u2014 a typical picture: acute onset, body aches, cough. But in this group, cytokine storm is possible \u2014 especially with H1N1. Symptoms: sharp deterioration on the 4th\u20135th day, shortness of breath, cyanosis, confusion. Requires immediate hospitalization.<br \/>\n<strong>Adults aged 40\u201365:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe risk of complications increases every year. Comorbidities are especially dangerous: hypertension, diabetes, obesity. In men over 50, it often masquerades as a \"cold,\" but if the fever lasts &gt;5 days \u2014 it's a warning sign.<br \/>\n<strong>Elderly (65+):<\/strong><br \/>\nThe temperature may be subfebrile (37.5\u201338.5 \u00b0C), but the condition is severe: confusion, adynamia, decreased blood pressure. In 40% \u2014 the first symptom becomes cognitive impairment. Mortality from influenza in this group is 10 times higher than average.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B\"><\/span>Questions and Answers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Question 1: Can influenza be treated at home without doctors?<\/strong><br \/>\nYes, but only in mild cases in healthy individuals under 65 years. Conditions: temperature below 39 \u00b0C, no shortness of breath, cough not worsening, SpO\u2082 \u226595%. Mandatory: antiviral within the first 48 hours, temperature monitoring, hydration (2.5\u20133 l\/day), rest. If there is no improvement by the 3rd day \u2014 seek help. Self-medication is dangerous with chronic diseases, pregnancy, age &gt;65.<br \/>\n<strong>Question 2: Why does a cough persist for a long time after the flu?<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is not a \"residual virus,\" but damage to the respiratory epithelium. Ciliated epithelium recovers in 2\u20134 weeks. During this time, reflex sensitivity is heightened \u2014 any irritant (cold air, smoke) causes coughing. Helpful: humidifying the air (50\u201360% humidity), ambroxol, avoiding irritants. If cough lasts &gt;4 weeks \u2014 X-ray is needed to rule out bronchitis or tuberculosis.<br \/>\n<strong>Question 3: Does vaccination help if already in contact with an infected person?<\/strong><br \/>\nYes, but not as a \"medicine.\" Vaccination after contact will not prevent the disease, but may soften its course and reduce the risk of complications. Especially important for at-risk individuals. However, if you already feel symptoms \u2014 vaccination should not be given, only antiviral.<br \/>\n<strong>Question 4: Can influenza cause a heart attack?<\/strong><br \/>\nYes. According to a study in Lancet (2020), the risk of acute myocardial infarction within 1 week after influenza increases by 6 times. Mechanism: inflammation enhances atherosclerotic plaques, increases blood clotting, causes tachycardia. In people with coronary artery disease, influenza is a direct trigger for a cardiac event.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C\"><\/span>Typical mistakes in treating influenza and how to avoid them<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Error: \"I will survive \u2014 I have a strong immune system\"<\/strong><br \/>\n \u2192 Reality: immunity is not \"strong\" or \"weak\" \u2014 it is specific. The influenza virus can suppress the interferon response. Even an athlete can get pneumonia.<br \/>\n <strong>How to avoid:<\/strong> get vaccinated annually, do not ignore symptoms, especially in the first 2 days.\n <\/li>\n<li><strong>Error: taking antibiotics \"just in case\"<\/strong><br \/>\n \u2192 Reality: antibiotics do not work against viruses. Their uncontrolled use leads to dysbiosis, resistance, and increases the risk of secondary infection.<br \/>\n <strong>How to avoid:<\/strong> an antibiotic is prescribed only by a doctor upon confirmation of a bacterial infection (sputum analysis, X-ray).\n <\/li>\n<li><strong>Error: \"I will drink vitamin C and everything will pass\"<\/strong><br \/>\n \u2192 Reality: vitamin C does not reduce the risk of influenza and does not speed up recovery in adults (Cochrane meta-analysis, 2013).<br \/>\n <strong>How to avoid:<\/strong> focus on sleep, hydration, zinc, and antivirals \u2014 not on \"magic pills.\"\n <\/li>\n<li><strong>Error: continuing to work at a temperature of 38.5 \u00b0C<\/strong><br \/>\n \u2192 Reality: exertion during influenza increases the risk of myocarditis. Even in young people \u2014 fatalities are recorded after physical activity against the background of infection.<br \/>\n <strong>How to avoid:<\/strong> at least 5 days of rest, even if you \"feel better.\" The body restores immune memory \u2014 this requires energy.\n <\/li>\n<li><strong>Error: using folk remedies instead of antivirals<\/strong><br \/>\n \u2192 Reality: tea with honey and lemon is a good support, but not a substitute for oseltamivir. In severe cases, a 24-hour delay in therapy increases mortality by 15%.<br \/>\n <strong>How to avoid:<\/strong> use folk remedies as a supplement, not a foundation. And only after consulting a doctor.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Influenza is not \"just a virus,\" but a complex battle between the pathogen and the immune system, where victory depends not on strength, but on the accuracy and speed of response. The influenza virus has evolved to suppress key defense links: it blocks interferon production, disguises its RNA as \"self,\" and even forces immune cells to attack their own tissues. But we have weapons: vaccines, antivirals, knowledge of risk factors, and understanding when to stop and seek help. The main thing is not to underestimate the disease and not to overestimate your strength. Prevention today is not fear, but a conscious choice. And remember: the most reliable shield is not in the pharmacy, but in your sleep schedule, vitamin D levels, and determination to get vaccinated before the start of the season.<\/p>\n<div class=\"fpm_end\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Influenza is not just a \"cold with a fever.\" It is an acute viral respiratory disease caused by RNA viruses of the genus *Influenzavirus*, which literally<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24181,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[298],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medlibrary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17680","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17680"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17680\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19598,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17680\/revisions\/19598"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24181"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}