{"id":13176,"date":"2024-08-23T03:56:43","date_gmt":"2024-08-23T01:56:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/?p=13176"},"modified":"2024-08-23T03:56:43","modified_gmt":"2024-08-23T01:56:43","slug":"rak-yazyka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/cancer-language\/","title":{"rendered":"Tongue cancer"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fpm_start\"><\/div>\n<p>Tongue cancer is a malignant neoplasm that affects the tongue and its tissues. The most common form of this disease is squamous cell carcinoma, which begins in the flat cells that line the surface of the tongue. There are different types of tongue cancer, including invasive forms that can spread to adjacent structures, as well as rarer types such as adenocarcinoma. The disease manifests itself through a number of symptoms, including persistent pain in the tongue, difficulty swallowing, voice changes, and abnormal growths on the surface of the tongue. In the initial stages, tongue cancer may be asymptomatic, making early diagnosis difficult, while advanced stages often have pronounced clinical manifestations and metastases.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Content<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 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href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/cancer-language\/#%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\" >History of the disease and interesting historical facts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/cancer-language\/#%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Epidemiology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/cancer-language\/#%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E\" >Genetic predisposition to this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/cancer-language\/#%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Risk factors for the development of this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/cancer-language\/#%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Diagnosis of this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/cancer-language\/#%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\" >Treatment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/cancer-language\/#%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >List of medications used to treat this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/cancer-language\/#%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Disease monitoring<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/cancer-language\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Age-related features of the disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/cancer-language\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B\" >Questions and Answers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\"><\/span>History of the disease and interesting historical facts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Tongue cancer has been known to medicine for many centuries. The first evidence of this disease can be found in ancient Egyptian medical texts dating back to over 3000 BC. At that time, cancer was often associated with mythological ideas about evil spirits and deities. In the 16th-17th centuries, with the development of anatomy and medicine, knowledge about malignant tumors began to be systematized. In the 19th century, it became obvious that some factors, such as smoking and alcohol, significantly increase the risk of developing oral diseases, including tongue cancer. Interestingly, in different cultures, tongue cancer was perceived differently as a social phenomenon associated with the stigma of shame and danger.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Epidemiology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>According to current epidemiological data, tongue cancer accounts for approximately 2-4% of all cancer cases worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, tongue cancer is particularly common in countries with high levels of smoking and alcohol consumption. In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of the disease among the younger population, which is associated with an increase in the prevalence of cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Statistics show that the greatest number of cases is observed in men over 50 years of age, but drawing attention to the problem among the younger generation puts oral cancers, including tongue cancer, at the center of public health discussions.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E\"><\/span>Genetic predisposition to this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Genetic predisposition plays an important role in the development of tongue cancer. Research suggests that certain genes may increase the likelihood of the disease, including TP53, CDKN2A, and CASP8. For example, mutations in the TP53 gene, which is associated with cell cycle control, are observed in a higher proportion of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. In particular, one meta-analysis showed that carriers of mutations in this gene have a 3-4 times higher risk of developing the disease compared to the general population. Research also suggests the presence of polygenic variants that may interact with environmental factors and influence the risk of the disease.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Risk factors for the development of this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are many risk factors that contribute to the development of tongue cancer, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Smoking: Long-term tobacco use is one of the major factors in the development of tongue cancer.<\/li>\n<li>Alcohol: Drinking alcohol in large quantities also significantly increases the risk.<\/li>\n<li>HPV infection: Certain types of HPV, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, have been associated with tongue cancer.<\/li>\n<li>Oral dysbacteriosis and benefits: Chronic inflammatory diseases, including leukoplakia, can promote cell transformation.<\/li>\n<li>Poor hygiene conditions: Poor oral hygiene can also contribute to the development of cancer.<\/li>\n<li>Age: The risk of disease increases with increasing age.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Diagnosis of this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Diagnosis of tongue cancer includes many approaches aimed at detecting the disease at an early stage:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Main symptoms: The first signs may include persistent pain in the tongue, difficulty swallowing, voice changes, and the presence of an ulcer or swelling on the tongue.<\/li>\n<li>Laboratory tests: A biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing cancer and provides a tissue sample for histological examination.<\/li>\n<li>Radiologic tests: Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to assess the extent of the disease.<\/li>\n<li>Other diagnostic methods: Endoscopy is used to visualize and biopsy suspicious areas, as well as to evaluate functional disorders.<\/li>\n<li>Differential Diagnosis: It is important to rule out other conditions such as benign growths, leukoplakia and other formations that cause similar symptoms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\"><\/span>Treatment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Treatment for tongue cancer depends on the stage of the disease and may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>General treatment: In the early stages, surgical intervention may be sufficient; in more advanced cases, a comprehensive approach is required.<\/li>\n<li>Pharmacological treatment: Chemotherapy and immunotherapy are often used to treat tongue cancer, especially when combined with surgery.<\/li>\n<li>Surgical treatment: Resection of the tumor may be performed to remove it, but sometimes radical surgery with removal of part of the tongue is required.<\/li>\n<li>Other treatments: Radiation may be used as a stand-alone treatment or as an adjuvant therapy after surgery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>List of medications used to treat this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Medicines used to treat tongue cancer include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cisplatin<\/li>\n<li>Fluorouracil<\/li>\n<li>Taxanes (eg, Paclitaxel)<\/li>\n<li>Ipilimumab (for immunotherapy)<\/li>\n<li>Pembrolizumab (for immunotherapy)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Disease monitoring<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Monitoring tongue cancer is very important and includes regular examinations and tests:<\/p><script data-noptimize=\"\" data-wpfc-render=\"false\">\nfpm_start( \"true\" );\n<\/script>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Follow-up assessments: Typically require an initial assessment 3-6 months after completion of active treatment, then every 6-12 months.<\/li>\n<li>Prognosis: Prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis; early stages may have a positive prognosis, while later stages may have a more unfavourable prognosis.<\/li>\n<li>Complications: Complications may include metastasis, recurrence, and functional impairment that may impact the patient&#039;s quality of life.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Age-related features of the disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Age characteristics of tongue cancer are important for understanding its pathogenesis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In children and adolescents: Tongue cancer is rare in this group and is usually associated with HPV.<\/li>\n<li>In adults: The disease is most common in men over 50 years of age, with risk factors significantly influencing incidence.<\/li>\n<li>In the elderly: In this age group, tongue cancer may be associated with other chronic diseases, making diagnosis and treatment more difficult.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B\"><\/span>Questions and Answers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>What are the main symptoms of tongue cancer?<\/strong> Symptoms include pain in the tongue, ulcers or swelling, difficulty swallowing, and changes in voice.<\/li>\n<li><strong>How is tongue cancer diagnosed?<\/strong> Diagnosis is based on biopsy, radiological examinations and endoscopy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What is the treatment for tongue cancer?<\/strong> Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy depending on the stage of the disease.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What are the risk factors for developing tongue cancer?<\/strong> Major risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, HPV infection and poor hygiene.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What is the prognosis for tongue cancer?<\/strong> The prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis; early stages have a better prognosis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"fpm_end\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tongue cancer is a malignant neoplasm that affects the tongue and its tissues. The most common form of this disease is squamous cell carcinoma, which<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23573,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[298],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13176","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medlibrary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13176","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13176"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13176\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13744,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13176\/revisions\/13744"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23573"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13176"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13176"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}