{"id":13175,"date":"2024-08-23T04:00:09","date_gmt":"2024-08-23T02:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/?p=13175"},"modified":"2024-08-23T04:00:09","modified_gmt":"2024-08-23T02:00:09","slug":"rak-schitovidnoy-zhelezy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/schitovidnoy-gland-cancer\/","title":{"rendered":"Thyroid cancer"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fpm_start\"><\/div>\n<p>Thyroid cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the cells of the thyroid gland, which is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development of the body. This disease is characterized by significant diversity in its type and clinical manifestations. The main morphological variants include papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic cancer. Thyroid cancer, although less common than other localizations of malignant neoplasms, has demonstrated an increase in incidence in recent decades. It is noteworthy that many cases of this disease are diagnosed at early stages, which is associated with the ascortic development of the tumor and the use of modern visualization methods. <\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Content<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 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href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/schitovidnoy-gland-cancer\/#%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\" >History of the disease and interesting historical facts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/schitovidnoy-gland-cancer\/#%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Epidemiology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/schitovidnoy-gland-cancer\/#%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E\" >Genetic predisposition to this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/schitovidnoy-gland-cancer\/#%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Risk factors for the development of this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/schitovidnoy-gland-cancer\/#%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Diagnosis of this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/schitovidnoy-gland-cancer\/#%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\" >Treatment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/schitovidnoy-gland-cancer\/#%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >List of medications used to treat this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/schitovidnoy-gland-cancer\/#%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Disease monitoring<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/schitovidnoy-gland-cancer\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Age-related features of the disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/schitovidnoy-gland-cancer\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B\" >Questions and Answers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\"><\/span>History of the disease and interesting historical facts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The history of thyroid cancer research spans over 100 years. In the early 20th century, when doctors began using radiography and surgery, thyroid cancer was poorly understood and information about its pathogenesis and treatment remained limited. Interestingly, the first successful thyroid cancer surgery was performed in 1883 by Richard Lockhart. Over time, especially in the 1930s, after the discovery of radioactive iodine, it was used to diagnose and treat the disease. Interest in thyroid cancer increased after 1945, when an increase in the incidence of the disease was noted among those exposed to radioactive radiation, especially after the atomic fallout in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Epidemiology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>According to the World Health Organization, the incidence of thyroid cancer varies by region, gender, and age. As of 2020, the incidence was 3.1 cases per 100,000 population worldwide, while in countries with a high diagnosis rate, such as America and Japan, this figure can reach 12 cases per 100,000. According to the latest epidemiological study, thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy among women, accounting for about 3% of the total number of cancers. <\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E\"><\/span>Genetic predisposition to this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the development of thyroid cancer. One of the key genes involved in the development of this disease is the RET gene, mutations in which are associated with medullary thyroid cancer and multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2. Also, studies show that mutations in the BRAF, RAS and TP53 genes can affect the risk of developing papillary and follicular cancer. As part of a genetic examination of patients with a family history of malignant diseases, it is advisable to study mutations in the above genes, which allows for a prognostic assessment of the risk and timely application of preventive measures.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Risk factors for the development of this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Among the known risk factors that contribute to the development of thyroid cancer, there are both physically and chemically related ones. The main physical factors include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Exposure to ionizing radiation, which occurs in people with a history of radiotherapy for other conditions.<\/li>\n<li>Age \u2013 the risk of disease increases after 40 years.<\/li>\n<li>Gender \u2013 there is a discrepancy between the sexes, where women get sick more often than men at a ratio of 3:1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Chemical factors include dietary iodine deficiency, which is associated with the development of diffuse goiter, and exposure to toxic substances such as synthetic chemicals and pesticides. Other possible factors include a family history and coexisting diseases such as autoimmune thyroiditis.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Diagnosis of this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Various methods are used to diagnose thyroid cancer, the main ones being the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clinical symptoms: change in neck configuration, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, presence of nodules in the thyroid gland.<\/li>\n<li>Laboratory tests: determination of the level of thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin in the blood.<\/li>\n<li>Radiological examinations: thyroid ultrasound, CT and MRI to assess the extent of the tumor.<\/li>\n<li>Cytological examination: fine-needle biopsy of thyroid nodules.<\/li>\n<li>Differential diagnosis: exclusion of benign nodes, thyroiditis and metastases from other organs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\"><\/span>Treatment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Treatment for thyroid cancer depends on the type, stage, and extent of the cancer. Common treatment strategies include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Surgical treatment: thyroidectomy (complete removal of the thyroid gland) or partial resection if nodes are detected.<\/li>\n<li>Pharmacological treatment: radioactive iodine to kill any remaining cancer cells after surgery. Hormone replacement therapy after thyroid removal.<\/li>\n<li>Other: Targeted therapy, immunotherapy and chemotherapy are used rarely and mainly for anaplastic cancer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>List of medications used to treat this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The following medications may be used to treat thyroid cancer:<\/p><script data-noptimize=\"\" data-wpfc-render=\"false\">\nfpm_start( \"true\" );\n<\/script>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) \u2013 for hormone replacement.<\/li>\n<li>Radioactive iodine (I-131) \u2013 for the treatment of thyroid tissue remnants.<\/li>\n<li>Heparin and drugs to reduce blood clots (when using chemotherapy).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Disease monitoring<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Post-treatment monitoring for thyroid cancer is important to assess the patient&#039;s condition and prevent recurrence. Monitoring steps include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Regular check-ups with an endocrinologist.<\/li>\n<li>Blood thyroglobulin level testing to detect relapses.<\/li>\n<li>Checking for ultrasound crowding at regular intervals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The prognosis with early diagnosis and adequate treatment is generally favorable. However, complications such as excess thyroid hormones are possible, and sometimes relapses of the disease are observed, which requires additional intervention.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Age-related features of the disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Thyroid cancer manifests itself differently depending on the age group. Thyroid cancer is less common in children, but its prognosis, especially in the papillary variant, is extremely favorable; most cases end with successful treatment. In adults, especially in older women, the risk of developing the disease increases, and the course of the disease can be more aggressive. In older people over 70 years of age, there is a high probability of concomitant diseases, which complicates the treatment tactics and places responsibility on an individual strategy in each case.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B\"><\/span>Questions and Answers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>What are the main symptoms of thyroid cancer?<\/strong> The main symptoms include an enlarged thyroid gland, nodules in the neck, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, and changes in the appearance of the neck.<\/li>\n<li><strong>How is thyroid cancer diagnosed?<\/strong> Diagnosis includes a clinical examination, laboratory tests for hormone levels, ultrasound, fine-needle biopsy and, if necessary, CT or MRI.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What risk factors contribute to the development of this disease?<\/strong> Risk factors include ionizing radiation, genetic predisposition, iodine deficiency, and the presence of autoimmune diseases.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What are the main treatments for thyroid cancer?<\/strong> The main methods include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, thyroid hormone therapy, and targeted and immunotherapy depending on the type of cancer.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What is the prognosis for thyroid cancer treatment?<\/strong> The prognosis depends largely on the type of tumor and the stage at diagnosis; in most cases, if detected early, intervention is successful.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"fpm_end\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Thyroid cancer is a malignant tumor that arises from the cells of the thyroid gland, which is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate metabolism, growth<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23569,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[298],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medlibrary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13175"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13175\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13745,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13175\/revisions\/13745"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23569"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}