{"id":12632,"date":"2024-10-11T18:19:24","date_gmt":"2024-10-11T16:19:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/?p=12632"},"modified":"2024-10-11T18:19:24","modified_gmt":"2024-10-11T16:19:24","slug":"prolaktinoma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/prolactinoma\/","title":{"rendered":"Prolactinoma"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fpm_start\"><\/div>\n<p>Prolactinoma is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland, which is characterized by excessive production of prolactin, a hormone responsible for milk production in women and regulating various aspects of reproductive function. Increased levels of prolactin in the blood can lead to a number of clinical manifestations, such as amenorrhea, galactorrhea, infertility and decreased libido in women and men. The disease can occur in people of all ages, although it is most often diagnosed in women of reproductive age. In rare cases, prolactinomas can lead to a significant increase in tumor size and compression of surrounding structures, which causes neurological symptoms.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Content<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" 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href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/prolactinoma\/#%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\" >History of the disease and interesting historical facts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/prolactinoma\/#%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Epidemiology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/prolactinoma\/#%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E\" >Genetic predisposition to this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/prolactinoma\/#%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Risk factors for the development of this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/prolactinoma\/#%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Diagnosis of this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/prolactinoma\/#%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\" >Treatment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/prolactinoma\/#%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >List of medications used to treat this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/prolactinoma\/#%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Disease monitoring<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/prolactinoma\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Age-related features of the disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/prolactinoma\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B\" >Questions and Answers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\"><\/span>History of the disease and interesting historical facts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The history of prolactinoma dates back to the early 20th century, when benign pituitary tumors were first described. One of the key moments in the study of this disease was the discovery of the role of the pituitary gland in regulating hormonal balance in the body. In the 1930s, relationships were established between the pituitary gland and various endocrine disorders, which marked the beginning of a more in-depth study of prolactin. In the 1970s, with the development of imaging techniques such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, it became possible to more accurately determine the size and characteristics of prolactinomas. The increased interest in these tumors is associated with their high prevalence and often favorable prognosis with adequate therapeutic care.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Epidemiology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Prolactinomas are the most common hormonally active pituitary tumors. According to various studies, the incidence of this disease ranges from 6 to 10 cases per 100,000 population. Prolactinomas are diagnosed more often in women than in men, with a ratio of 3:1. On average, the peak incidence is observed between the ages of 20 and 40. Statistical studies show that about 30% of prolactinomas diagnosed in women are accompanied by symptoms of hyperprolactinemia. It should be noted that many prolactinomas may remain asymptomatic, especially in men.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E\"><\/span>Genetic predisposition to this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Scientific research shows that prolactinomas may have a genetic predisposition. In particular, mutations in genes such as MEN1 and AIP (aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein) have been identified, which are associated with the development of multiple endocrine neoplasms. Prolactinomas can occur within familial syndromes, such as multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEN) type 1. The presence of these mutations increases the risk of developing prolactinomas, but not all cases of the disease have a clear hereditary nature.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Risk factors for the development of this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Among the risk factors that contribute to the development of prolactinomas, the following can be distinguished:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Genetic predisposition, including a family history of endocrine diseases.<\/li>\n<li>Hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and lactation.<\/li>\n<li>Diseases associated with damage or injury to the pituitary gland.<\/li>\n<li>Use of certain medications, such as antipsychotics and antidepressants, which can increase prolactin levels.<\/li>\n<li>Stress factors affecting the neuroendocrine system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Diagnosis of this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Diagnosis of prolactinoma includes several stages and methods:<\/p>\n<p>1. **Main symptoms**:<br \/>\n   \u2014 In women: amenorrhea, galactorrhea, infertility, decreased libido;<br \/>\n   \u2014 In men: decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, possible changes in the size of the testicles.<\/p>\n<p>2. **Laboratory research**:<br \/>\n   \u2014 Evaluation of serum prolactin levels. It is important to remember that prolactin levels may vary depending on the time of day.<\/p>\n<p>3. **Radiological examinations**:<br \/>\n   \u2014 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows visualization of pituitary tumors, their size and impact on surrounding structures.<\/p><script data-noptimize=\"\" data-wpfc-render=\"false\">\nfpm_start( \"true\" );\n<\/script>\n\n<p>4. **Other types of diagnostics**:<br \/>\n   \u2014 Sometimes additional tests may be ordered, such as thyroid function tests or other hormone assessments.<\/p>\n<p>5. **Differential diagnosis**:<br \/>\n   \u2014 It is important to exclude other causes of hyperprolactinemia, such as hypothyroidism, renal failure, and certain drug interventions.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\"><\/span>Treatment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Treatment for prolactinomas depends on the size of the tumor and the presence of symptoms. Possible treatment approaches include:<\/p>\n<p>1. **General treatment**:<br \/>\n   \u2014 Regular monitoring of patients with small asymptomatic tumors.<\/p>\n<p>2. **Pharmacological treatment**:<br \/>\n   \u2014 The main method of treatment is dopamine mimetics (for example, cabergoline, bromocriptine), which reduce prolactin levels and help reduce the size of the tumor.<\/p>\n<p>3. **Surgical treatment**:<br \/>\n   \u2014 Surgery may be recommended in cases where drug treatment is ineffective or in the presence of large tumors causing neurological symptoms.<\/p>\n<p>4. **Other treatments**:<br \/>\n   \u2014 In rare cases, radiotherapy may be required, especially if the cancer has relapsed or is resistant to drug therapy.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>List of medications used to treat this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Cabergoline<\/li>\n<li>Bromocriptine<\/li>\n<li>Lisurid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Disease monitoring<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Monitoring of prolactinoma involves regular examinations to assess prolactin levels and monitor tumor size using MRI. The prognosis of the disease is generally good; with timely diagnosis and treatment, most patients achieve sustained remission. However, some patients may experience complications related to tumor growth, such as vision problems or headaches.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Age-related features of the disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Prolactinoma manifests itself differently depending on the age group. In young women, the most common symptoms are menstrual irregularities and infertility, while in men and older women, sexual dysfunction may predominate. In older people, there is a high probability of having concomitant diseases, which can complicate diagnosis and the choice of treatment tactics.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B\"><\/span>Questions and Answers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>What is prolactinoma?<\/strong> Prolactinoma is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes increased secretion of the hormone prolactin.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What are the main symptoms of prolactinoma?<\/strong> Symptoms include amenorrhea, galactorrhea, infertility in women, and decreased libido in men.<\/li>\n<li><strong>How is prolactinoma diagnosed?<\/strong> Diagnosis is made using measurement of prolactin levels in the blood, MRI of the brain and assessment of clinical symptoms.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What treatments are available for prolactinoma?<\/strong> Treatment includes pharmacological therapy (dopamine agonists), surgery and, in some cases, radiotherapy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What is the prognosis for patients with prolactinoma?<\/strong> The prognosis is generally good with adequate treatment, with most patients achieving remission.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"fpm_end\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prolactinoma is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland, which is characterized by excessive production of prolactin, a hormone responsible for milk production in women and<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22034,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[298],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12632","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medlibrary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12632","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12632"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12632\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14447,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12632\/revisions\/14447"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22034"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12632"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12632"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12632"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}