{"id":12497,"date":"2024-10-11T20:35:33","date_gmt":"2024-10-11T18:35:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/?p=12497"},"modified":"2024-10-11T20:35:33","modified_gmt":"2024-10-11T18:35:33","slug":"pankreaticheskaya-protokovaya-adenokartsinoma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/pancreatic-ductal-adenocarthritis\/","title":{"rendered":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fpm_start\"><\/div>\n<p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a malignant neoplasm derived from the cells of the pancreatic ductal system. This form of cancer is characterized by an aggressive course and high mortality, which is due to both late diagnosis and the complexity of surgical intervention on the pancreas. PDA accounts for about 85% of all pancreatic cancer cases and is usually diagnosed at late stages, which limits the possibilities of effective treatment. Clinically, the disease manifests itself with nonspecific symptoms such as loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal pain and jaundice. Given its high invasiveness and metastatic potential, PDA requires a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Content<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" 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href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/pancreatic-ductal-adenocarthritis\/#%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\" >History of the disease and interesting historical facts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/pancreatic-ductal-adenocarthritis\/#%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Epidemiology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/pancreatic-ductal-adenocarthritis\/#%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E\" >Genetic predisposition to this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/pancreatic-ductal-adenocarthritis\/#%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Risk factors for the development of this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/pancreatic-ductal-adenocarthritis\/#%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Diagnosis of this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/pancreatic-ductal-adenocarthritis\/#%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\" >Treatment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/pancreatic-ductal-adenocarthritis\/#%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >List of medications used to treat this disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/pancreatic-ductal-adenocarthritis\/#%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Disease monitoring<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/pancreatic-ductal-adenocarthritis\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" >Age-related features of the disease<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/medlibrary\/pancreatic-ductal-adenocarthritis\/#%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B\" >Questions and Answers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B\"><\/span>History of the disease and interesting historical facts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The history of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma dates back to the early 20th century, when systematic studies of pancreatic cancer first began. In 1910, German pathologist Wilhelm Reichel described the disease, highlighting its features and clinical manifestations. In the following decades, large-scale studies were conducted to understand the pathogenesis and clinical aspects of pancreatic cancer. Thus, in the 1970s, the association between smoking and an increased risk of developing PDA became known, which opened up new horizons for risk factor research. Diagnostic methods have also evolved: from the first X-ray studies to modern imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, which significantly increased the level of diagnosis of this disease.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Epidemiology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Statistics show that the incidence of PDA varies by region and country level of development. In the United States, approximately 60,000 new cases are reported each year, while in Europe and other developed countries, the rate is comparable. PDA occurs more often in men than in women, with the peak incidence occurring in the 65-79 age group. Studies also show that certain ethnic groups, such as Africans and Hispanics, have higher incidence rates.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E\"><\/span>Genetic predisposition to this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Genetic factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In particular, hereditary mutations in the BRCA2, PALB2, and CDKN2A genes are associated with an increased risk of developing this type of cancer. Such mutations can lead to disruption of cell cycle control and, as a consequence, to the initiation of carcinogenesis. In addition, mutations in the KRAS, TP53, and SMAD4 genes have been found that are associated with disease progression. According to studies, about 10% cases of PDA have a hereditary predisposition, which emphasizes the importance of genetic counseling for relatives of patients with pancreatic cancer.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Risk factors for the development of this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are many factors that contribute to the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. These include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Smoking: Studies have shown that smokers have a two to three times higher risk of developing PPA compared to nonsmokers.<\/li>\n<li>Chronic pancreatitis. Long-term inflammation of the pancreas promotes cellular changes and can lead to carcinogenesis.<\/li>\n<li>Obesity: Being overweight is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.<\/li>\n<li>Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes can both precede and develop in parallel with PPA.<\/li>\n<li>Heredity: Having a family history of pancreatic cancer increases your risk of developing the disease.<\/li>\n<li>Age. The likelihood of developing malignant tumors increases with age.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Diagnosis of this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma includes several stages and methods:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Main symptoms: Patients may complain of vague abdominal pain, loss of appetite, jaundice, weight loss and deterioration of general condition.<\/li>\n<li>Laboratory tests: Determination of the serum marker CA 19-9 may be useful, although its specificity and sensitivity are limited.<\/li>\n<li>Radiological examinations: Ultrasound, CT and MRI are used to visualize the tumor and assess the stage of the disease.<\/li>\n<li>Other diagnostic tests: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be used to obtain a biopsy.<\/li>\n<li>Differential diagnosis. It is necessary to exclude other diseases, such as chronic pancreatitis, gallbladder cancer and other abdominal organs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5\"><\/span>Treatment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is multidisciplinary and depends on the stage of the disease. The main approaches include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>General treatment: The main treatment is surgery if the tumor is detected at an early stage and there are no metastases.<\/li>\n<li>Pharmacological treatment: Chemotherapeutic drugs such as gemcitabine and folfirin are used to combat metastatic disease.<\/li>\n<li>Surgical treatment: Operations such as pancreaticoduodenectomy are used to remove the tumor.<\/li>\n<li>Other treatments: Radiation therapy may be considered as an additional treatment, especially in cases of locally advanced disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>List of medications used to treat this disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The main drugs used to treat pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gemcitabine<\/li>\n<li>Folfirinok (FOLFIRINOX)<\/li>\n<li>Erutinib<\/li>\n<li>Naboxil<\/li>\n<li>Paclitaxel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Disease monitoring<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Disease monitoring includes regular follow-up examinations to assess the patient&#039;s condition dynamics. The prognosis depends on the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis, as well as the response to treatment. Complications may include the development of metastases, pain, and deterioration in quality of life. Regular monitoring of the CA 19-9 marker level can help in assessing the effectiveness of treatment and early diagnosis of relapse.<\/p><script data-noptimize=\"\" data-wpfc-render=\"false\">\nfpm_start( \"true\" );\n<\/script>\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\"><\/span>Age-related features of the disease<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is more common in older people, but cases of the disease in younger patients are also observed. In older people, the disease often has a more aggressive course and is associated with high comorbidity, while younger patients may have rarer genetic forms of the disease, which requires an individual approach to diagnosis and treatment.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B\"><\/span>Questions and Answers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>What are the main symptoms of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma?<\/strong> The main symptoms include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss and jaundice.<\/li>\n<li><strong>How is PPA diagnosed?<\/strong> Laboratory tests, radiological methods and biopsy are used to finally verify the diagnosis.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What are the risk factors for developing PPA?<\/strong> These include smoking, obesity, chronic pancreatitis and hereditary predisposition.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What is CA 19-9 marker?<\/strong> It is a biomarker that can be used to assess treatment efficacy and monitor disease, despite limited specificity and sensitivity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What is the treatment for PPA?<\/strong> Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy depending on the stage of the disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"fpm_end\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a malignant neoplasm that originates from cells of the pancreatic ductal system. This form of cancer is characterized by aggressive<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21763,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[298],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medlibrary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12497","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12497"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12497\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14582,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12497\/revisions\/14582"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12497"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12497"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/valintermed.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12497"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}